ExamDirectory http://www.examdirectory.com Resources to help you pass the exams Fri, 07 Mar 2008 20:09:15 +0000 http://wordpress.org/?v=2.0.3 en Routing Protocols: Article from uCertify http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/03/07/routing-protocols-article-from-ucertify/ http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/03/07/routing-protocols-article-from-ucertify/#comments Fri, 07 Mar 2008 19:53:50 +0000 swetlana_80 Cisco Systems CCNA Article http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/03/07/routing-protocols-article-from-ucertify/ uCertify has sent us this article which is useful for the CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification exam. The article helps you to understand the Routing Protocols, which determine the best path to deliver packets by knowing about all other routers connected to the network, a topic for 640-802 exam.

Routing Protocols
A routing protocol specifies how routers communicate with each other for distributing routing information between routers on a network. It helps each router to determine the best path to deliver packets by knowing about all other routers connected to the network.   

There are two categories of routing protocols, namely Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) and Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).

An Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) refers to a routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways within a single autonomous system. The routing information is used by the Internet Protocol (IP) or other network protocols to specify how to route transmissions. Following are the Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs):

  • IS-IS
  • OSPF
  • IGRP
  • EIGRP
  • RIP (RIPv1 and RIPv2)

Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) is a link-state routing protocol standardized by the ISO. It supports variable length subnet masks (VLSM), uses multicast to discover neighboring routers using hello packets, and supports authentication of routing updates.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol that is used in large networks. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) designates OSPF as one of the Interior Gateway Protocols. A host uses OSPF to obtain a change in the routing table and to immediately multicast updated information to all the other hosts in the network.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a Cisco proprietary distance vector Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). It used by Cisco routers to exchange routing data within an autonomous system (AS). This is a classful routing protocol and does not support variable length subnet masks (VLSM). IGRP supports multiple metrics for each route, including bandwidth, delay, load, MTU, and reliability.

EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol. It is an enhanced version on IGRP. It has faster convergence due to use of triggered update and saving neighbor’s routing table locally. It supports VLSM and routing summarization. As EIGRP is a distance vector protocol, it automatically summarizes routes across Class A, B and C networks. It also supports multicast and incremental updates and provides routing for three routed protocols i.e. IP, IPX, and AppleTalk.

RIPv1 was designed to fulfill dynamic routing needs of a network. It uses MAC-level broadcasts, which are not desirable in the current scenario because all nodes must process all broadcasts. It does not support VLSM and route summarization.

RIPv2 is a classless protocol. It improves upon RIPv1 with the ability to use VLSM and route summarization. It supports route authentication and multicasting of route updates. It is used in small to medium size networks. RIPv2 uses triggered updates to speed up convergence. It supports variable length subnet masks (VLSM).

Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs) allow administrators to divide a given IP address space into more than one subnet. It helps in efficient use of IP addressing. A classless routing protocol is required to deploy VLSM. Classful protocols such as RIP v1 do not support VLSM.

An Autonomous system (AS) is a group of networks under a single administration and with single routing policies. Each AS is assigned a unique number in order to differentiate it from other autonomous systems. The assigned unique number can be from 1 to 65,535. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for assigning these numbers. There are public and private AS numbers like private and public IP addresses.

Administrative distance defines the reliability of a routing protocol. The router uses administrative distance in order to choose the best path when there are two or more different routes on a router to the same destination using different routing protocols. Each routing protocol’s administrative distance value decides which routing protocol is more reliable. The lower the administrative distance value, the more reliable the routing protocol.

Protocol Administrative distance value
IGRP 100
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP 120

Note: The administrative distance value for static route is 0.

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is a protocol that exchanges routing information between different autonomous systems. It is commonly used between hosts on the Internet to exchange routing table information. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the only active EGP.

BGP stands for Border Gateway Protocol. It is an interautonomous system routing protocol and is a form of Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). This protocol is defined in RFC-1267 and RFC-1268. It is used for exchanging network reachability information with other BGP systems. This information includes a complete list of intermediate autonomous systems that the network traffic has to cover in order to reach a particular network. This information is used for figuring out loop-free interdomain routing between autonomous systems. BGP-4 is the latest version of BGP.

Visit uCertify Web site to read more free articles for other Cisco certification exams.
]]> http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/03/07/routing-protocols-article-from-ucertify/feed/ Cisco Now Requires Digital Photos and Signatures of candidates http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/cisco-now-requires-digital-photos-and-signatures-of-candidates/ http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/cisco-now-requires-digital-photos-and-signatures-of-candidates/#comments Thu, 21 Feb 2008 03:52:20 +0000 swetlana_80 Vendor news Cisco Systems http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/cisco-now-requires-digital-photos-and-signatures-of-candidates/ Cisco Systems has recently introduced its new policy in which all candidates must bring their digital photo and provide a digital signature at the test center before taking any Cisco exam. This new policy will be implemented worldwide within a year at Pearson Vue, Cisco’s exclusive test delivery service provider.

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]]> http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/cisco-now-requires-digital-photos-and-signatures-of-candidates/feed/ Free Study Guide for MCTS Exam 70-528 http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-guide-for-mcts-exam-70-528-2/ http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-guide-for-mcts-exam-70-528-2/#comments Thu, 21 Feb 2008 03:32:49 +0000 swetlana_80 Microsoft Study guide 70-528 MCTS .NET http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-guide-for-mcts-exam-70-528-2/ En.csharp-online.net is providing a free online study guide for MCTS .NET Framework 2.0 - Web-Based Client Development Exam 70-528. This certification exam validates your skills in designing and implementing Web-based applications with Web forms, ASP.NET, and the .NET Framework.

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]]> http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-guide-for-mcts-exam-70-528-2/feed/ Free CCNA Study Notes from CertExams.com http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-ccna-study-notes-from-certexamscom/ http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-ccna-study-notes-from-certexamscom/#comments Thu, 21 Feb 2008 03:11:42 +0000 swetlana_80 Study notes Cisco Systems CCNA http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-ccna-study-notes-from-certexamscom/ Free study notes for the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) 2.0 exam 640-801 are available at the CertExams Web site. The study notes help you to focus on the core concept. They also provide you an understanding of the technical terms, so that you can prepare well for the actual CCNA certification exam.

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]]> http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-ccna-study-notes-from-certexamscom/feed/ Free Study Notes for Exam CNE 050-632 at ExamNotes http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-notes-for-exam-cne-050-632-at-examnotes/ http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-notes-for-exam-cne-050-632-at-examnotes/#comments Thu, 21 Feb 2008 03:01:32 +0000 swetlana_80 Novell 050-632 Study guide CNE http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-notes-for-exam-cne-050-632-at-examnotes/ ExamNotes.net is offering free study notes for Novell Networking Technologies CNE Exam 050-632. They are available in printable and PDF format. The Networking Technologies exam is one of the core requirements for the CNE certification.

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]]> http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-notes-for-exam-cne-050-632-at-examnotes/feed/ Free Study Guide for CIW JavaScript Exam 1D0-435 http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-guide-for-ciw-javascript-exam-1d0-435/ http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-guide-for-ciw-javascript-exam-1d0-435/#comments Thu, 21 Feb 2008 02:51:53 +0000 swetlana_80 CIW 1D0-435 Study guide http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-guide-for-ciw-javascript-exam-1d0-435/ MC MCSE.com is providing a free study guide for CIW JavaScript Fundamentals for Master CIW Web Site Manager Exam 1D0-435. The exam is designed to test your ability to write the JavaScript language and to design client-side platform independent solutions.

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]]> http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/20/free-study-guide-for-ciw-javascript-exam-1d0-435/feed/ Free Study Guide for Exam 1D0-510 from Cramsession http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/13/free-study-guide-for-exam-1d0-510-from-cramsession/ http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/13/free-study-guide-for-exam-1d0-510-from-cramsession/#comments Wed, 13 Feb 2008 06:52:49 +0000 swetlana_80 CIW CIW Associate 1D0-510 Study guide http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/13/free-study-guide-for-exam-1d0-510-from-cramsession/ Searching for CIW Associate Study Guide for Exam 1D0-510?

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]]> http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/13/free-study-guide-for-exam-1d0-510-from-cramsession/feed/ Free Practice Tests for CCENT Exam 640-822 from SimulationExams http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/13/free-practice-tests-for-ccent-exam-640-822-from-simulationexams/ http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/13/free-practice-tests-for-ccent-exam-640-822-from-simulationexams/#comments Wed, 13 Feb 2008 05:05:17 +0000 swetlana_80 Cisco Systems CCNA Sample Questions 640-822 http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/13/free-practice-tests-for-ccent-exam-640-822-from-simulationexams/ Get two free practice tests containing 35 questions for CCNA ICND1 (CCENT: Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician) Exam 640-822 at SimulationExams.com. The exam 640-822 is an entry-level exam for achieving the Cisco CCENT certification. To qualify this exam, you must have enough knowledge of planning, configuring, and operating simple WAN and switched LAN networks.

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]]> http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/13/free-practice-tests-for-ccent-exam-640-822-from-simulationexams/feed/ Free Practice Test for Cisco BSCI Exam 642-901 http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/12/free-practice-test-for-cisco-bsci-exam-642-901/ http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/12/free-practice-test-for-cisco-bsci-exam-642-901/#comments Wed, 13 Feb 2008 03:05:52 +0000 swetlana_80 Simulation test Cisco Systems BSCI 642-901 Sample Questions http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/12/free-practice-test-for-cisco-bsci-exam-642-901/ PrepLogic is offering a free practice test for Cisco (Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks) BSCI exam 642-901 containing 10 demo questions. The practice test is divided into two testing modes, i.e. simulation exam and learning modes, which enable you to put yourself under the actual examination environment. After attempting each question, you are also provided with a detailed explanation of the correct answer(s). When the test is completed, a performance report is displayed about your score objective-wise.

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]]> http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/12/free-practice-test-for-cisco-bsci-exam-642-901/feed/ SCBCD Java upgrade free Practice Test at uCertify http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/09/scbcd-java-upgrade-free-practice-test-at-ucertify/ http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/09/scbcd-java-upgrade-free-practice-test-at-ucertify/#comments Sat, 09 Feb 2008 05:14:19 +0000 swetlana_80 Simulation test Sun Education Sample Questions SCBCD 5.0 310-092 http://www.examdirectory.com/2008/02/09/scbcd-java-upgrade-free-practice-test-at-ucertify/ uCertify will release the new PrepKit for SCBCD Java Upgrade Exam CX-310-092 on Feb 15, 2008. This PrepKit contains six practice tests to ensure your success in the SCBCD certification exam. There are 135 questions, including 105 quiz items, which will help you learn the key concepts as building blocks for understanding the complex concepts and technical terms. It also includes more than 80 study notes, including technical articles, how to’s and study tips covering all aspects that are essential for you to remember.

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